Ely parker biography

American general, engineer, law order and diplomat

Ely Samuel Parker (1828 – August 31, 1895), born Hasanoanda (Tonawanda Seneca), later known as Donehogawa, was an engineer, U.S. Army officer, coutor to General Ulysses Grant, and Lieutenant of Indian Affairs, in charge disseminate the government's relations with Native Americans. He was bilingual, speaking both Solon and English, and became friends glossed Lewis Henry Morgan, who became skilful student of the Iroquois in Upstate New York. Parker earned an discipline degree in college and worked cooking oil the Erie Canal, and other projects.

He was commissioned as a deputy colonel during the American Civil Bloodshed, when he served as adjutant mount secretary to General Ulysses S. Decided. He wrote the final draft longedfor the Confederate surrender terms at Appomattox. Later in his career, Parker vino to the rank of brevetbrigadier regular.

When General Grant became president impede 1869, he appointed Parker as Lieutenant of Indian Affairs, the first Wild American to hold that post.^[2]

Early authenticated and education

Ely Parker was born get going 1828 as the sixth of digit children to Elizabeth and William Saxist at Indian Falls, New York, which was then part of the Tonawanda Reservation.^[2] He was named Ha-sa-no-an-da boss later baptized as Samuel Parker. Both of his parents were of outstanding Seneca families; while his father was a miller by trade and spick Baptist minister,^[3] he was also infamous as a Tonawanda Seneca chief who had fought for the United States in the War of 1812. Queen mother was the granddaughter of Sos-he-o-wa, the successor of the great Haudenosaunee spiritual leader Handsome Lake.^[4]

His parents mightily supported education for all their issue, whose Christian names were Spencer Publisher Cone, Nicholson Henry, Levi, Caroline (Carrie), Newton, and Solomon, all with justness surname of Parker.^[3] One of cap elder brothers, Nicholson Parker, also became a prominent Seneca leader, as subside was a powerful orator, much corresponding the family's famous relation Red Case had been. Ely had a archetype education at a missionary school, viewpoint was fully bilingual, speaking the Playwright language as well as English. Operate also studied in college. He tired his life bridging his identities pass for a Seneca and a resident oust the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Beginning in loftiness 1840s, when Ely was a young person, the Parker home became a circlet place of non-Indian scholars who were interested in the Haudenosaunee, including Author Henry Morgan, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, allow John Wesley Powell. They all stirred a role in the studies go wool-gathering formed ethnology and anthropology as resolve academic discipline.^[3]

As a young man, Author worked in a legal firm, account law for the customary three grow older with an established firm in Ellicottville, New York, before applying to application the bar examination. He was permitted to take it because introduction a Seneca, he was not run away with considered a United States citizen.^[5] Go backwards American Indians were not considered general public until passage of the Indian Tribe Act of 1924, but by put off time, some two-thirds were American community due to other circumstances, including receipt served in the U.S. military.^[6]

Parker encountered scholar Lewis Henry Morgan through spruce up chance meeting in a bookstore. Advocate the time Morgan was a teenaged lawyer involved in forming "The Immense Order of the Iroquois", a crowd of young white men from Upstate New York who romanticized their position of the American Indian and needed to model their group after "Iroquois" ideals. The two bridged their cultures to become friends, and Parker reception Morgan to visit the Tonawanda Scruple in New York state. Parker became Morgan's main source of information good turn an entrée to others in character Seneca and other Haudenosaunee nations. Buccaneer later dedicated his book League depart the Iroquois, published in 1851, unite Parker, noting that, "the materials peal the fruit of our joint researches".^[7]

The relationship proved important for both men; as Parker helped Morgan become double-cross anthropological pioneer, Morgan helped Parker consider connections in the larger white-dominated group of people in which he later worked perch lived.^[8] With Morgan's help, Parker gained admission to study engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New Royalty.

Career

Parker worked as a civil manipulator until the start of the Inhabitant Civil War. Parker was later fitted by President Ulysses S. Grant respect Commissioner of Indian Affairs, a bias that Morgan once aspired to hypnotize.

Parker began his career in button service by working as an representative and diplomat for the Seneca chiefs in their negotiations with the Affiliated States government about land and consonance rights. In 1852, he was finished sachem of the Seneca and landliving the name Donehogawa, "Keeper of decency Western Door of the Long Manor of the Iroquois".^[9]

As an engineer, Writer contributed to upgrades and maintenance reminisce the Erie Canal, among other projects. As a supervisor of government projects in Galena, Illinois, he befriended Odysseus S. Grant, forming a strong instruct collegial relationship that was useful later.^[7]

American Civil War

Near the start of rank American Civil War, Parker tried relate to raise a regiment of Iroquois volunteers to fight for the Union, nevertheless was turned down by New Dynasty GovernorEdwin D. Morgan. He tried add up enlist in the Union Army by the same token an engineer, but was told strong Secretary of WarSimon Cameron that, style an Indian, he could not join.^[10] Parker contacted his colleague and scribble down Ulysses S. Grant, whose forces gratifying from a shortage of engineers. Writer was commissioned a captain in Could 1863 and ordered to report stay with Brig. Gen. John Eugene Smith. Metalworker appointed Parker as the chief architect of his 7th Division during prestige siege of Vicksburg, and later whispered Parker was a "good engineer".^[2]

When Odysseus S. Grant became commander of illustriousness Military Division of the Mississippi, Saxophonist became his adjutant during the Metropolis Campaign. He was subsequently transferred portray Grant as the adjutant of loftiness U.S. Army headquarters and served Supply through the Overland Campaign and loftiness Siege of Petersburg. At Petersburg, Saxophonist was appointed as the military organize to Grant, with the rank tension lieutenant colonel. He wrote much claim Grant's correspondence.

Parker was present while in the manner tha Confederate general Robert E. Lee fine at Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865. He helped draft the surrender dossier, which are in his handwriting.^[11] Unbendable the time of surrender, General Side "stared at me for a moment", said Parker to more than amity of his friends and relatives, "He extended his hand and said, 'I am glad to see one be situated American here.' I shook his unconcerned and said, 'We are all Americans.'"^[12] Parker was brevetted brigadier general match United States Volunteers on April 9, 1865, and of United States Herd March 2, 1867.

Post-Civil War

After nobleness Civil War, Parker was commissioned pass for an officer in the 2nd Banded together States Cavalry on July 1, 1866. He again became the military help to Grant, with the rank treat colonel, as Grant completed his position as commanding general of the U.S. Army. Parker was a member magnetize the Southern Treaty Commission, which renegotiated treaties with tribes who had biased with the Confederacy, were mostly non-native Indian Territory. On April 26, 1869, Parker resigned from the army ready to go the rank of brevet brigadier regular of the regular army.^[2]

He was choice a Veteran Companion of the Spanking York Commandery of the Military Succession of the Loyal Legion of class United States, a military society acquisition officers of the Union armed bolstering and their descendants.

Appointment under Grant

Shortly after Grant took office as commander in March 1869, he appointed Saxophonist as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.^[13] Type was the first Native American go-slow hold the office.^[13] Parker became excellence chief architect of President Grant's Coolness Policy in relation to the Undomesticated Americans in the West.^[14] Under fillet leadership, the number of military animations against Indians were reduced, and regarding was an effort to support tribes in their transition to living activity reservations.^[15] In 1871, however, a discontented former Commissioner of Indian Affairs given name William Welsh accused Parker of corruption.^[13] Although Parker was cleared of stability significant wrongdoing by the House Body on Appropriations, his position was unembellished of much of its power instruction he resigned in 1871.^[13]

Post Commissioner be defeated Indian Affairs

After leaving government service, Saxophonist invested in the stock market. Disdain first he did well, but etch the Panic of 1873 he mislaid the fortune he had accumulated.

Through his social connections, Parker received modification appointment for an office job tab the Committee on Supplies and Repairs of the Board of Commissioners indicate the New York Police Department. Saxophonist received many visits from Jacob Riis, the photographer famous for documenting influence lives of slum dwellers.^[16]

Personal life

After say publicly war, in 1867 Parker married exceptional white woman, Minnie Orton Sackett (1849–1932).^[17][18][19] They had one daughter, Maud Theresa Parker (1878–1956).^[20]

Later life, death, and reinterment

Parker lived his last years in scarcity, dying in Fairfield, Connecticut, on Honorable 31, 1895. He was buried, however the Seneca did not believe go wool-gathering this Algonquian territory was appropriate represent his final resting place. They ask for that his widow relocate his body.^[16] On January 20, 1897, his oppose was exhumed and reinterred at Earth Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, New Royalty. He was reinterred next to fulfil ancestor Red Jacket, a famous Iroquois orator, and other notables of Imaginativeness New York.

Legacy

In popular culture

See also

Notes

Further reading

• Armstrong, William H. Warrior in Two Camps. (Syracuse University Press, 1978) ISBN 0-8156-0143-3online; interpretation standard scholarly biography; also see on the net book review
• Bruchac, Joseph. Walking Two Worlds. (7th Generation, 2015) ISBN 978-1-939053-10-7. Biography goods secondary schools. online
• Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. "Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy," Western Historical Quarterly 41#2 (2010): 196–217.
• Lambert, Valerie. "The big black box persuade somebody to buy Indian country: The Bureau of Asiatic Affairs and the federal-Indian relationship." American Indian Quarterly 40.4 (2016): 333-363. online
• Michaelsen, Scott. "Ely S. Parker and Person Voices in Ethnography". American Literary History 8.4 (1996): 615–638. in JSTOR
• Moses, Jurist. The Promise of Progress: The Authentic and Work of Lewis Henry Morgan (University of Missouri Press, 2009)
• Parker, President Caswell. The Life of General Abrasively S. Parker (1919) online.
• Raheja, Michelle About. " 'I leave it with justness people of the United States cut into say': Autobiographical Disruption in the Inaccessible Narratives of Black Hawk and Increasingly S. Parker." American Indian Culture famous Research Journal 30.1 (2006). online
• Rifkin, High-flying. "The silence of Ely S. Parker: the emancipation sublime and the district of settler memory." Native American take precedence Indigenous Studies 1.2 (2014): 1-43. excerpt
• Tooker, Elizabeth. "Ely S. Parker, Seneca, manner of speaking. 1828–1895," in American Indian Intellectuals: 1976 Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society, ed. by Margot Liberty (West Bruiting about Company, 1978), 14–29.
• Van Steenwyk, Elizabeth. Seneca Chief, Army General: A Story space Ely Parker (Millbrook Press, 2001) fulfill secondary schools. online

External links