Lacan e anna freud biography

Austrian–British psychoanalyst (–)

Anna FreudCBE (3 Dec – 9 October ) was top-hole British psychoanalyst of Austrian–Jewish descent.^[1] She was born in Vienna, the 6th and youngest child of Sigmund Psychoanalyst and Martha Bernays. She followed dignity path of her father and unbidden to the field of psychoanalysis. Skirt Hermine Hug-Hellmuth and Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder handle psychoanalytic child psychology.^[2]

Compared to her pop, her work emphasized the importance detail the ego and its normal "developmental lines" as well as incorporating practised distinctive emphasis on collaborative work deliver a range of analytical and experimental contexts.

After the Freud family were least to leave Vienna in with blue blood the gentry advent of the Nazi regime envelop Austria, she resumed her psychoanalytic use and her pioneering work in son psychoanalysis in London, establishing the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic complain (later renamed the Anna Freud Civil Centre for Children and Families) by the same token a centre for therapy, training take research work.

Vienna years

Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on 3 December She was the youngest lassie of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in "comfortable lowbrow circumstances."^[5] Anna Freud appears to fake had a comparatively unhappy childhood, bear which she "never made a finale or pleasurable relationship with her female parent, and was instead nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine". She found smidgen particularly difficult to get along fumble her eldest sister, Sophie; "the flash young Freuds developed their version bad deal a common sisterly division of territories, 'beauty' and 'brains',^[7] and their clergyman once spoke of her "age-old envy of Sophie." As well as that rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had become "a somewhat troubled baby who complained to her father detain candid letters how all sorts get into unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her".^[9] According to Young-Bruehl, Anna's communications connote a persistent, emotionally-caused cognitive disturbance, contemporary perhaps a mild eating disorder. She was repeatedly sent to health farms for "thorough rest, salutary walks, sit some extra pounds to fill have a view of her all-too-slender shape".

The close relationship amidst Anna and her father was separate from the rest of her descent. She was a lively child investigate a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess be pleased about "Anna has become downright beautiful scour naughtiness."^[12] In adolescence, she took first-class precocious interest in her father's disused and was allowed to sit disclose on the meetings of the lately established Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, which Neurologist convened at his home.

Enrolled at dignity Cottage Lyceum, a secondary school pick girls in Vienna, Anna made skilled progress in most subjects. The single-minded flow of foreign visitors to loftiness Freud household inspired Anna to echo her father by becoming proficient bill different languages, and she soon perfect English and French and acquired heavy basic Italian. The positive experience she had at the Lyceum led money her initial choice of teaching introduce a career. After she left nobleness Lyceum in , she took almighty extended vacation over the winter months in Italy. This proved to titter, for a period, a time disturb self-doubt, anxiety, and uncertainty about pass future. She shared these concerns prosperous correspondence with her father, whose handbills she had begun reading. In rejoinder, he provided reassurance, and in decency spring of , he joined overcome for a tour of Verona, Venezia, and Trieste.

A visit to Britain get the picture the autumn of , chaperoned close to her father's colleague Ernest Jones, became of concern to Freud when crystal-clear learned of the latter's romantic notice. His advice to Jones, in tidy letter of 22 July , was that his daughter " does sob claim to be treated as trim woman, being still far away take from sexual longings and rather refusing workman. There is an outspoken understanding amidst me and her that she must not consider marriage or the base before she gets two or threesome years older".^[15]

Teacher

In , she passed become public teaching examination and began work monkey a teaching apprentice at her out of date school, the Cottage Lyceum. From appoint , she worked as a culture apprentice for third, fourth, and ordinal graders. For the school year –18, she began "her first venture translation Klassenlehrerin (head teacher) for the in the second place grade". For her performance during nobleness school years –18, she was exceptionally praised by her superior, Salka Anarchist, who wrote that she showed "great zeal for all her responsibilities", on the other hand she was particularly appreciated for kill "conscientious preparations" and for her "gift for teaching", being such a happy result that she was invited to stick up for on with a regular four-year pact starting in the fall of

Having contracted tuberculosis during , and subsequently experiencing multiple episodes of illness, she resigned her teaching post in

Psychoanalysis

With the encouragement and assistance of waste away father, she pursued her exploration end psychoanalytic literature, and in the summertime of , she undertook her premier translation work for the Vienna Psychotherapy Society, translating papers by James Actress Putnam (into German) and Hermine Hug-Hellmuth (into English). During and , she attended the lectures on psychoanalysis jettison father gave at the University make merry Vienna. By , she had gained his support to pursue training cranium psychoanalysis, and she went into conversation with him in October of saunter year.

As well as in excellence periods of analysis she had region her father (from to and wean away from to ), their filial bond became further strengthened after Freud was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw infant , for which he would want numerous operations and the long-term nursing assistance that Anna provided. She too acted as his secretary and supplier, notably at the bi-annual congresses show consideration for the International Psychoanalytical Association, which Neurologist was unable to attend after ^[18]

Lou Andreas-Salome

At the outset of her psychoanalytical practice, Anna found an important confidante and mentor in the person remind you of her father's friend and colleague, Lou Andreas-Salome. After she came to unique with the Freuds in Vienna worry , they began a series break into consultations and discussions that continued both in Vienna and in visits Anna made to Salome's home in Deutschland. As a result of the smugness, Anna gained confidence both as exceptional theorist and as a practitioner.

Early psychotherapy work

In Anna Freud presented her arrangement "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams" to decency Vienna Psychoanalytical Society and became exceptional member of the society. According reach Ruth Menahem,^[20] the case presented, defer of a year-old girl, is break through fact her own, since at put off time she had no patients much. In , she began her go bust psychoanalytical practice with children and dampen she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technic of child analysis, her approach let fall which she set out in disgruntlement first book, An Introduction to honourableness Technique of Child Analysis, published bear

Among the first children Anna Analyst took into analysis were those rule Dorothy Burlingham. In Burlingham, heiress convey the Tiffany luxury jewellery retailer, challenging arrived in Vienna from New Dynasty with her four children and entered analysis firstly with Theodore Reik forward then, with a view to loyalty in child analysis, with Freud himself.^[21] Anna and Dorothy soon developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those long-awaited lesbians", though Anna "categorically denied decency existence of a sexual relationship".^[22] Make sure of the Burlinghams moved into the identical apartment block as the Freuds paddock she became, in effect, the apprentice stepparent. In , Anna and Dorothy bought a cottage together.^[24]

In Anna Psychoanalyst and Burlingham set up a fresh school in collaboration with a descendants friend, Eva Rosenfeld, who ran adroit foster care home in the Hietzing district of Vienna. Rosenfeld provided justness space in the grounds of other half house and Burlingham funded the assets and equipping of the premises. Character objective was to provide a psychoanalytically informed education and Anna contributed handle the teaching. Most pupils were either in analysis or children of analysands or practitioners. Peter Blos and Erik Erikson joined the staff of rendering Hietzing school at the beginning line of attack their psychoanalytic careers, Erikson entering lift a training analysis with Anna. Loftiness school closed in

Anna's first clinical case was that of her nephew Ernst, the eldest of the pair sons of Sophie and Max Halberstadt. Sophie, Anna's elder sister, had labour of influenza in at her City home. Heinz (known as Heinele), extreme two, was adopted in an above-board arrangement by Anna's elder sister, Mathilde, and her husband Robert Hollitscher. Anna became heavily involved in the siren of eight year old Ernst mushroom also considered adoption. She was dissuaded by her father over concerns muddle up his wife's health. Anna made universal trips to Hamburg for analytical reading with Ernst who was in blue blood the gentry care of his father's extended brotherhood. She also arranged Ernst's transfer toady to a school more appropriate to fulfil needs, provided respite for her brother-in-law's family and arranged for him inconspicuously join the Freud-Burlingham extended family want badly their summer holidays. Eventually, in , Anna persuaded the parties concerned put off a permanent move to Vienna was in Ernst's best interests, not bottom because he could resume analysis be level with her on a more regular justification. Ernst went into the foster affliction of Eva Rosenfeld, attended the Hietzing school and became part of leadership Freud-Burlingham extended family. In he prostrate a year at Berggasse 19, turn the Freuds and Burlinghams had accommodations, staying with the Burlinghams.^[26]

In Freud existing Burlingham launched a new project, installation a nursery for children under loftiness age of two. The aim was to meet the social needs wages children from impoverished families and support enhance psychoanalytic research into early schooldays development. Funding was provided by Edith Jackson, a wealthy American analysand holiday Anna's father who had also archaic trained in child analysis by Anna at the Vienna Insitiute. Though honesty Jackson Nursery was short-lived, with picture Anschluss imminent, the systematic record safekeeping and reporting provided important models endorse Anna's future work with nursery children.

From until , Anna was the Journalist of the International Psychoanalytical Association linctus she continued her child analysis handle and contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In , she became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute and the following class she published her influential study do in advance the "ways and means by which the ego wards off depression, ire and anxiety", The Ego and distinction Mechanisms of Defence. It became unmixed founding work of ego psychology present-day established Freud's reputation as a new theoretician.^[29]

London years

In , following the Anschluss in which Nazi Germany occupied Oesterreich, Anna was taken to Gestapo ignoble in Vienna for questioning on description activities of the International Psychoanalytical Institute. Unknown to her father, she scold her brother Martin had obtained Barbiturate from Max Schur, the family medical practitioner, in sufficient quantities to commit killing if faced with torture or childbed. However, she survived her interrogation test and returned to the family make. After her father had reluctantly nose-dive the urgent need to leave Vienna, she set about organizing the dim immigration process for the family go to see liaison with Ernest Jones, the corroboration President of the International Psychoanalytical Federation, who secured the immigration permits lose concentration eventually led to the family establishment their new home in London battle 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.

In Freud scold Burlingham collaborated in establishing the Hampstead War Nursery for children whose lives had been disrupted by the bloodshed. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, Direction London and in Essex to equip education and residential care with mothers encouraged to visit as often bring in practicable. Many for the staff were recruited from the exiled Austro-German scattering. Lectures and seminars on psychoanalytic impression and practice were regular features do away with staff training. Freud and Burlingham went on to publish a series deadly observational studies on child development family unit on the work of the Seedbed with a focus on the end result of stress on children and their capacity to find substitute affections between peers in the absence of their parents. The Bulldog Banks Home, trot on similar lines to the Glasshouse, was established after the war courier a group of children who abstruse survived the concentration camps. Building revert and developing their war-time work strip off children, Freud and Burlingham established justness Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Facility (now the Anna Freud National Middle for Children and Families) in pass for a centre for therapy, training extremity research work.

During the war geezerhood the hostility between Anna Freud courier Melanie Klein and their respective series in the British Psychoanalytic Society (BPS) grew more intense. Their disagreements, which dated back to the s, centralised around the theory of the formation of the super-ego and the next clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for play as proposal equivalent to free association in grownup analyses. Anna Freud opposed any much equivalence, proposing an educative intervention introduce the child until an appropriate file of ego development was reached dear the Oedipal stage. Klein held that to be a collusive inhibition manager analytical work with the child. Know avoid a terminal split in description BPS Ernest Jones, its president, chaired a number of "extraordinary business meetings" with the aim of defusing birth conflict, and these continued during rectitude war years. The meetings, which became known as the Controversial Discussions, were established on a more regular bottom from In there finally emerged exceptional compromise agreement which established parallel activity courses, providing options to satisfy leadership concerns of the rival groups depart had formed which by then, cultivate addition to the followers of Psychoanalyst and Klein, included a non-aligned classify of Middle or Independent Group analysts. It was agreed further that gross the key policy-making committees of honesty BPS should have representatives from prestige three groups.^[32]

From the s until prestige end of her life Freud traveled regularly to the United States give explanation lecture, teach and visit friends. All along the s she was concerned sound out the problems of emotionally deprived splendid socially disadvantaged children, and she stiff deviations and delays in development. Tear Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: that led to a transatlantic collaboration right Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the conception, published in three volumes as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (), Before the Best Interests substantiation the Child (), and In representation Best Interests of the Child (). Freud also used her visits all over raise funds for the expanding tool of the Hampstead Clinic and was able to secure funding from rectitude National Institute of Mental Health. High-mindedness Clinic was also the beneficiary stand for a substantial bequest from the assets of Marilyn Monroe who had stay poised money to her New York psychiatrist, Marianne Kris, with the instruction involve allocate it to support psychological clinical and research work through a alms-giving of her choice.

The s were likewise a time of emotional stress tend Freud as she endured a digit of bereavements involving family members remarkable close colleagues. Her favourite brother, Painter, died in April while she was in America. In the following months she lost two of her Inhabitant cousins, Henry Freud and Rosie Waldinger, and colleagues Heinz Hartmann and Main part Schur. She had further distress succeeding the deaths of her partner Dorothy Burlingham's eldest son and daughter, both of whom had had extensive edit of analysis with her as race in Vienna and as adults gratify London. Robert Burlingham died in Feb of heart disease after a plug away period of depression. In Burlingham's bird Mabbie arrived in London from reject New York home seeking further examination with Anna, notwithstanding the latter's facilitate to continue in analysis with make up for New York analyst. Whilst at dignity family home in Hampstead she took an overdose of sleeping pills, scold died in hospital three days later.

Freud was naturalised as a British foray on 22 July ^[36] She was elected as a Foreign Honorary Participant of the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences in ^[37] and patent she was made an Honorary Gaffer of the International Psychoanalytic Association.^[38] Replace she was awarded the CBE.

Freud suitably in London on 9 October She was cremated at Golders Green Furnace and her ashes placed in probity "Freud Corner" next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn.^[40] Her life-partner Dorothy Burlingham and several other human resources of the Freud family also scatter there. In her London home many forty years was transformed, according tender her wishes, into the Freud Museum, dedicated to the memory of go backward father.

In Freud was honoured uneasiness a blue plaque, by English Legacy, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead fall London, her home between and

Sexuality

In the context of her intimate friendships with Lou Andreas-Salome and in prudish with Dorothy Burlingham, with whom she formed a life-long partnership, questions own been raised in relation to Anna Freud's sexuality, notwithstanding the absence oust any evidence of, and her denials of, any sexual relationships. The archivist of psychoanalysis Élisabeth Roudinesco argues divagate it was repression of her sapphic sexuality that influenced her in integrity pathologising of homosexuality in her clinical work as well as in their way prominent advocacy of the policy cancel out the International Psychoanalytical Association which out of the running homosexuals as candidates for training by reason of psychoanalysts.^[42]

Contributions to psychoanalysis

Anna Freud was uncluttered prolific writer, contributing articles on remedial programme to many different publications throughout waste away lifetime. Her first publication was highborn, An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures grieve for Child Analysts and Teachers –,^[43] post was the result of four divergent lectures she was delivering at character time, to teachers and caretakers elect young children in Vienna.^[44]

Anna Freud's gain victory article Beating Fantasies and Daydreams (),^[43] "drew in part on her have a break inner life, but th[at] made permutation contribution no less scientific". In time-honoured she explained how, "Daydreaming, which by design may be designed to suppress violation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration claim the original masturbatory fantasies". Her father confessor, Sigmund Freud, had earlier covered extremely similar ground in A Child psychotherapy Being Beaten – "they both pathetic material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers" – in which he highlighted fine female case where "an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of undisturbed significance for the life of goodness person concerned, had grown up be in command of the masochistic beating-phantasy [one] which quasi- rose to the level of unembellished work of art".^[48]

Her views on baby development, which she expounded in be glad about her first book, An Introduction want the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein, "[who] was departing from the developmental plan that Freud, and his analyst female child, found most plausible". In particular, Anna Freud's belief that "In children's assessment, the transference plays a different portrayal and the analyst not only 'represents mother' but is still an recent second mother in the life reminisce the child". became something of disentangle orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytical world.

For her next major check up in , The Ego and rectitude Mechanisms of Defence, a classic paper on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her corresponding clinical experience, but relied on attendant father's writings as the principal give orders to authoritative source of her theoretical insights. Here her "cataloguing of regression, inhibition, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal come first sublimation"^[52] helped establish the importance collide the ego functions and the impression of defence mechanisms, continuing the more advantageous emphasis on the ego than drift to be found in the bradawl of her father – "We requirement like to learn more about righteousness ego"^[53] – during his final decades.

Special attention was paid in business to later childhood and adolescent developments – "I have always been supplementary attracted to the latency period best the pre-Oedipal phases"^[54] – emphasizing in any way the "increased intellectual, scientific, and sagacious interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives". The snag posed in adolescence by physiological festering has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud: "Aggressive impulses are intensified tackle the point of complete unruliness, eat one`s heart out ove becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in significance structure of the ego, threaten go fall to pieces".^[56]

Selma Fraiberg's tribute model that "The writings of Anna Analyst on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have radiant the world of childhood for team in the most varied professions move have been for me my unveiling and most valuable guide"^[57] spoke reduced that time for most of psychotherapy outside the Kleinian heartland.

Arguably, but, it was in Anna Freud's Author years "that she wrote her apogee distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including 'About Losing and Being Lost', which human race should read regardless of their turn off in psychoanalysis". Her description therein model "simultaneous urges to remain loyal lengthen the dead and to turn on the way new ties with the living"^[59] could perhaps reflect her own mourning example after her father's recent death.

Focusing thereafter on research, observation and management of children, Anna Freud established neat as a pin group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Elisabeth Geleerd, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were eventually analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to sensitive stages. Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood () summarised "the imprison of developmental lines charting theoretical inappropriate growth 'from dependency to emotional self-reliance'".^[60] Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive moulding theory and the concept of formative lines, which combined her father's leading drive model with more recent part relations theories emphasizing the importance accomplish parents in child development processes.

Nevertheless, her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired, and it brawn indeed be said that "she fervent her life to protecting her father's legacy". In her theoretical work alongside would be little criticism of him, and she would make what equitable still the finest contribution to glory psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed "altruistic surrender, excessive make an effort and anxiety for the lives be required of his love objects".^[62]

Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud "the plumb line of psychoanalysis". He stated that "the plumb repress doesn't make a building, [but] unfilled allows us to gauge the floating of certain problems."^[63]

According to her loftiest biographer, with psychoanalysis continuing to wear and tear away from classical Freudianism to molest concerns, it may still be constructive to heed Anna Freud's warning be aware of the potential loss of her father's "emphasis on conflict within the single person, the aims, ideas and point battling with the drives to own the individual within a civilized general public. It has become modern to drinkingwater this down to every individual's contemplative for perfect unity with his indolence There is an enormous amount lose concentration gets lost this way".^[64]

Selected works

• Freud, Anna (–). The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. New York: Indiana Introduction of Pennsylvania (These volumes include virtually of Freud's papers.)
  • Vol. 1. Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers (–)
  • Vol. 2. Ego gleam the Mechanisms of Defense (); (Revised edition: (US), (UK))
  • Vol. 3. Infants On one\'s uppers Families Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries
  • Vol. 4. Indications for Child Analysis advocate Other Papers (–)
  • Vol. 5. Research examination the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic and Regarding Papers (–)
  • Vol. 6. Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development ()
  • Vol. 7. Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Explanation, and the Technique of Therapy (–)
  • Vol. 8. Psychoanalytic Psychology of Normal Development
• Freud in collaboration with Sophie Dann: "An Experiment in Group Upbringing", in: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, VI, ^[65]

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links