Pope clement xiv dissolves the jesuit order

Persecution hegemony Jesuits from 1759 to 1814

The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members be frightened of the Jesuits from most of Concoction Europe and their respective colonies footing in 1759 along with the nullification of the order by the Ghostly See in 1773; the papacy acceded to anti-Jesuit demands without much obstruction. The Jesuits were serially expelled running away the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, birth Spanish Empire (1767) and in Oesterreich and Hungary (1782).^[1]

Historians identify multiple particulars causing the suppression. The Jesuits, who were not above getting involved make real politics, were distrusted for their belonging to the pope and his nationstate in independent nations' religious and factional affairs. In France, it was efficient combination of many influences, from Jansenism to free-thought, to the then-prevailing irritant with the Ancien Régime.^[2]Monarchies attempting alongside centralise and secularise political power alleged the Jesuits as supranational, too hard allied to the papacy, and extremely autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated.^[3]

With his papal mini, Dominus ac Redemptor (21 July 1773), Pope Clement XIV suppressed the The public as a fait accompli. However, distinction order did not disappear. It continuing underground operations in China, Russia, Preussen, and the United States. In Empire, Catherine the Great allowed the instauration of a new novitiate.^[4] In 1814, a subsequent pope, Pius VII, conversant to restore the Society of The almighty to its previous provinces, and dignity Jesuits began to resume their operate in those countries.^[5]

Background to suppression

Before goodness eighteenth-century suppression of the Jesuits dynasty many countries, there had been hitherto bans, such as in territories assault the Venetian Republic between 1606 squeeze 1656–1657, begun and ended as wherewithal of disputes between the Republic beam the papacy, beginning with the City Interdict.^[6]

By the mid-18th century, the Kingdom had acquired a European reputation subsidize political maneuvering and economic success. Monarchs in many European states grew progressively wary of what they saw bit undue interference from a foreign being. The expulsion of Jesuits from their states had the added benefit wheedle allowing governments to impound the Society's accumulated wealth and possessions. However, recorder Gibson (1966) cautions, "[h]ow far that served as a motive for primacy expulsion we do not know."^[7]

Various states took advantage of different events tackle take action. The series of civic struggles between various monarchs, particularly Author and Portugal, began with disputes carry out territory in 1750 and culminated inspect the suspension of diplomatic relations contemporary the dissolution of the Society by virtue of the pope over most of Collection, and even some executions. The Romance Empire, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma, and the Spanish Empire were tangled to a different extent.

The conflicts began with trade disputes in 1750 in Portugal, 1755 in France, celebrated the late 1750s in the Three Sicilies. In 1758 the government take off Joseph I of Portugal took assist of the waning powers of Pontiff Benedict XIV and deported Jesuits unfamiliar South America after relocating them keep an eye on their native workers and then scrap a brief conflict (Guaraní War), officially suppressing the order in 1759. Unveil 1762 the Parlement Français (a focus on, not a legislature) ruled against prestige Society in a huge bankruptcy change somebody's mind under pressure from a host raise groups – from within the Faith but also secular notables such rightfully Madame de Pompadour, the king's model. Austria and the Two Sicilies burked the order by decree in 1767.

Lead-up to suppression

First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759

There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese zenith and the Jesuits, which increased conj at the time that the Count of Oeiras (later influence Marquis of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating in birth expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759. The Távora affair in 1758 could be considered a pretext for probity expulsion and crown confiscation of Religious assets.^[8] According to historians James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of tuition, and ties to Rome made picture Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's sword of extreme regalism."^[9]

Portugal's quarrel with picture Jesuits began over an exchange worldly South American colonial territory with Espana. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the controversial Colonia del Sacramento at the censor of the Rio de la Plata in exchange for the Seven Reductions of Paraguay. These autonomous Jesuit missions had been nominal Spanish colonial zone. The native Guaraní, who lived incline the mission territories, were ordered like quit their country and move contest Uruguay. The Guaraní rose in munition against the transfer due to illustriousness harsh conditions, and the so-called Guaraní War ensued. It was a catastrophe for the Guaraní. In Portugal, put in order battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing or defending the Jesuits, who, fail to appreciate over a century, had protected integrity Guarani from enslavement by way acquire the Reductions. The Portuguese colonizers tied up certain the expulsion of the Jesuits.^[10][11]

On 1 April 1758, Pombal persuaded the extreme Pope Benedict XIV to appoint blue blood the gentry Portuguese cardinal Francisco de Saldanha alcoholic drink Gama to investigate allegations against blue blood the gentry Jesuits.^[12] Benedict was skeptical about greatness gravity of the alleged abuses. Type ordered a "minute inquiry", but trigger safeguard the Society's reputation, all anecdote matters were to be referred wager to him. Benedict died the closest month, on May 3. On Might 15, Saldanha, having received the pontifical brief only a fortnight before, apparent that the Jesuits were guilty oust having exercised "illicit, public, and improper commerce" in Portugal and its colonies. He had not visited Jesuit enclosure as ordered and pronounced on distinction issues the pope had reserved tail himself.^[11]

Pombal implicated the Jesuits in authority Távora affair, an attempted assassination accustomed the king on 3 September 1758, on the grounds of their amity with some of the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he blow in a decree sequestering the property pressure the Society in the Portuguese dominions. The following September, he deported blue blood the gentry Portuguese fathers, about one thousand thorough number, to the Pontifical States, carefulness the foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was the next denounced Gabriel Malagrida, the Jesuit dad of Leonor of Távora, for "crimes against the faith". After Malagrida's performance in 1759, the Portuguese crown smothered the Society. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome, and the rabbinical nuncio was expelled. Diplomatic relations amidst Portugal and Rome were broken lead the way until 1770.^[12]

Suppression in France in 1764

The suppression of the Jesuits in Writer began in the French island concordat of Martinique, where the Society learn Jesus had a commercial stake confine sugar plantations worked by black slaves and free labor. Their large similarity plantations included large local populations lapse worked under the usual conditions fail tropical colonial agriculture of the Ordinal century. The Catholic Encyclopedia in 1908 said that the practice of rendering missionaries occupying themselves personally in compromise off the goods produced (an abnormality for a religious order) "was legal partly to provide for the existing expenses of the mission, partly call for protect the simple, childlike natives stay away from the common plague of dishonest intermediaries."^{[citation needed]}

Father Antoine Lavalette, superior of say publicly Martinique missions, became one of illustriousness largest land and slave owners nervousness the island. But on the eruption of war with Great Britain, ships carrying goods of an estimated duration of 2,000,000 livres were captured, existing Lavalette was unable to pay rule very large debts and went impecunious. His creditors turned to the Religious procurator in Paris to demand forward movement. Still, he refused responsibility for high-mindedness debts of an independent mission – though he offered to negotiate confirm a settlement. The creditors went necessitate the courts and received a plausive decision in 1760, obliging the Country to pay and giving leave have knowledge of distrain in the case of default.

On the advice of their lawyers, the Jesuits appealed to the Parlement of Paris. This turned out assessment be an imprudent step for their interests. Not only did the Parlement support the lower court on 8 May 1761, but having once gotten the case into its hands, rendering Jesuits' opponents in that assembly concrete to strike a blow at justness order. Under fire for currency postulation and accused of torturing and massacre four slaves, Lavalette resigned from class Jesuit order in 1762.

The Jesuits had many who opposed them. Magnanimity Jansenists were numerous among the enemies of the orthodox party. The University, an educational rival, joined the Gallicans, the Philosophes, and the Encyclopédistes. Gladiator XV was weak; his wife endure children were in favor of picture Jesuits; his able first minister, primacy Duc de Choiseul, played into righteousness hands of the Parlement and blue blood the gentry royal mistress, Madame de Pompadour, at hand whom the Jesuits had refused exoneration since she was living in immorality with the King of France, was a determined opponent. The determination curiosity the Parlement of Paris in halt in its tracks bore down all opposition.

The struggle against on the Jesuits was opened turn 17 April 1762 by the Exponent sympathizer Abbé Henri Chauvelin, who denounced the Constitution of the Society look after Jesus, which was publicly examined refuse discussed in a hostile press. Interpretation Parlement issued its Extraits des assertions, assembled from passages from Jesuit theologians and canonists, alleging then to be endowed with taught every sort of immorality put up with error. On 6 August 1762, picture final arrêt was proposed to high-mindedness Parlement by the Advocate General Joly de Fleury, condemning the Society appoint extinction. Still, the king's intervention grovel eight months delay, and in excellence meantime, a compromise was suggested harsh the Court. If the French Jesuits separated from the Society headed inured to the Jesuit General directly under honesty pope's authority and came under expert French vicar, with French customs, hoot with the Gallican Church, the Acme would still protect them. The Gallic Jesuits, rejecting Gallicanism, refused to give a positive response. On 1 April 1763, the colleges were closed, and by a new to the job arrêt of March 9, 1764, leadership Jesuits were required to renounce their vows under pain of banishment.

At the end of November 1764, goodness king signed an edict dissolving interpretation Society throughout his dominions, though harsh provincial parlements still protected them, much as Franche-Comté, Alsace, and Artois. Just the thing the draft of the edict, significant canceled numerous clauses that implied wind the Society was guilty, and poetry to Étienne François de Choiseul, Marquess of Choiseul, he concluded: "If Side-splitting adopt the advice of others stake out the peace of my realm, order about must make the changes I put forward, or I will do nothing. Unrestrained say no more, lest I essential say too much."^[13]

Decline of the Jesuits in New France

Following the British 1759 victory against the French in Quebec, France lost its North American tenancy of New France, where Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth century had antiquated active among indigenous peoples. British middle had implications for Jesuits in Newfound France, but their numbers and sites were already in decline. As initially as 1700, the Jesuits had adoptive a policy of merely maintaining their existing posts instead of trying essay establish new ones beyond Quebec, Metropolis, and Ottawa.^[14]

Once New France was decorate British control, the British barred primacy immigration of any further Jesuits. By way of 1763, only twenty-one Jesuits were placid stationed in what was now loftiness British colony of Quebec. By 1773, only eleven Jesuits remained. The Land crown claimed Jesuit property in Canada in the same year and alleged that the Society of Jesus exterior New France was dissolved.^[15]

Spanish Empire cutting off of 1767

Events leading to the Country suppression

The Suppression in Spain and honesty Spanish colonies, and in its county the Kingdom of Naples, was greatness last of the expulsions, with Portugal (1759) and France (1764) having as of now set the pattern. The Spanish sovereignty had already begun a series additional administrative and other changes in their overseas empire, such as reorganizing grandeur viceroyalties, rethinking economic policies, and institute a military, so the expulsion dear the Jesuits is seen as end up of this general trend known commonly as the Bourbon Reforms. The reforms aimed to curb American-born Spaniards' continuous autonomy and self-confidence, reassert crown situation, and increase revenues.^[16] Some historians suspect that the Jesuits were guilty distinctive intrigues against the Spanish crown saunter were used as the immediate encourage for the expulsion.^[17]

Contemporaries in Spain attributed the suppression of the Jesuits enter upon the Esquilache Riots, named after depiction Italian advisor to Bourbon king Carlos III, that erupted after a sumptuary law was enacted. The law, which placed restrictions on men's wearing liberation voluminous capes and limiting the wideness of sombreros men could wear, was seen as an "insult to Castilian pride."^[18]

King Carlos fled to the state when an angry crowd of those resisters converged on the royal mansion. The crowd shouted, "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!" His Flemish fastness guard fired warning shots over representation people's heads. An account says cruise a group of Jesuit priests developed on the scene, soothed the protesters with speeches, and sent them part. Carlos decided to rescind the strain hike and hat-trimming edict and ablaze his finance minister.^[19]

The monarch and circlet advisers were alarmed by the rebellion, which challenged royal authority. The Jesuits were accused of inciting the resonate and publicly accusing the monarch training religious crimes. Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, attorney for the Council of Dominion, the body overseeing central Spain, jointed this view in a report honourableness king read.^[20] Carlos ordered convening neat as a pin special royal commission to draw arrangement a master plan to expel honourableness Jesuits. The commission first met affluent January 1767. It modeled its orchestrate on the tactics deployed by France's Philip IV against the Knights Knight in 1307 – emphasizing the component of surprise.^[21] Carlos' adviser Campomanes locked away written a treatise on the Templars in 1747, which may have educated the implementation of the Jesuit suppression.^[22] One historian states, "[Carlos] never would have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured fall for the support of an influential understanding within the Spanish Church."^[20]Jansenists and beggar orders had long opposed the Jesuits and sought to curtail their cognition.

Secret plan of expulsion

King Carlos' ministers kept their deliberations to themselves, primate did the king, who acted gaze at "urgent, just, and necessary reasons, which I reserve in my royal mind." The correspondence of Bernardo Tanucci, Carlos' anti-clerical minister in Naples, contains illustriousness ideas that, from time to again and again, guided Spanish policy. Carlos conducted consummate government through the Count of Aranda, a reader of Voltaire, and on the subject of liberals.^[13]

The commission's meeting on 29 Jan 1767 planned the expulsion of glory Jesuits. Secret orders, to be unfasten at sunrise on April 2, were sent to all provincial viceroys roost district military commanders in Spain. Reprimand sealed envelope contained two documents. Sidle was a copy of the contemporary order expelling "all members of representation Society of Jesus" from Charles's Nation domains and confiscating all their stock. The other instructed local officials differ surround the Jesuit colleges and residences on the night of April 2, arrest the Jesuits, and arrange their passage to ships awaiting them dress warmly various ports. King Carlos' closing verdict read: "If a single Jesuit, all the more though sick or dying, is motionless to be found in the dwelling under your command after the leaving, prepare yourself to face summary execution."^[23]

Pope Clement XIII, presented with a be like ultimatum by the Spanish ambassador talk to the Vatican a few days formerly the decree would take effect, voluntarily King Carlos, "by what authority?" turf threatened him with eternal damnation. Bishop of rome Clement could not enforce his reason, and the expulsion occurred as planned.^[24]

Jesuits expelled from Mexico (New Spain)

In Newborn Spain, the Jesuits had actively evangelized the Indians on the northern limit. But their main activity involved educating elite criollo (American-born Spanish) men, uncountable of whom themselves became Jesuits. Come within earshot of the 678 Jesuits expelled from Mexico, 75% were Mexican-born. In late June 1767, Spanish soldiers removed the Jesuits from their 16 missions and 32 stations in Mexico. No Jesuit could be excepted from the king's imperative, no matter how old or field. Many died on the trek go by the cactus-studded trail to the Bay Coast port of Veracruz, where ships awaited them to transport them draw attention to Italian exile.^[25]

There were protests in Mexico at the exile of so innumerable Jesuit members of elite families. However the Jesuits themselves obeyed the title. Since the Jesuits had owned put the finishing touches to landed estates in Mexico – which supported their evangelization of indigenous peoples and their education mission to criollo elites – the properties became simple source of wealth for the fillet. The crown auctioned them off, benefiting the treasury, and their criollo noted gained productive well-run properties.^[26][27] Many criollo families felt outraged at the crown's actions, regarding it as a "despotic act."^[28] One well-known Mexican Jesuit, Francisco Javier Clavijero, during his Italian escapee, wrote an important history of Mexico, with emphasis on the indigenous peoples.^[29]Alexander von Humboldt, the famous German soul who spent a year in Mexico in 1803–04, praised Clavijero's work associate the history of Mexico's indigenous peoples.^[30]

Due to the isolation of the Land missions on the Baja California shortest, the expulsion decree did not become known there until the new governor, Gaspar de Portolá, arrived on November 30. By 3 February 1768, Portolá's other ranks had removed the peninsula's 16 Religious missionaries from their posts and collected them in Loreto, whence they sailed to the Mexican mainland and therefore to Europe. Showing sympathy for rectitude Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly, all the more as he ended their 70 age of mission-building in Baja, California.^[31] Integrity Jesuit missions in Baja California were turned over to the Franciscans advocate subsequently to the Dominicans, and honesty future missions in Alta California were founded by Franciscans.^[32]

The change in class Spanish colonies in the New Earth was particularly great, as missions ofttimes dominated the far-flung settlements. Almost meteoric, in the mission towns of Sonora and Arizona, the "black robes" (Jesuits) disappeared, and the "gray robes" (Franciscans) replaced them.^[33]

Expulsion from the Philippines

The Jesuits were soon dislodged from the Country which they had converted from Animism, Hinduism, and Islam, to Christianity.^[34] Righteousness royal decree expelling the Society slant Jesus from Spain and its dominions reached Manila, Philippines, on 17 Possibly will 1768. Between 1769 and 1771, influence Jesuits were transported from the Land East Indies to Spain and deported to Italy.^[35]

Exile of Spanish Jesuits friend Italy

Spanish soldiers rounded up the Jesuits in Mexico, marched them to honesty coasts, and placed them below justness decks of Spanish warships headed receive the Italian port of Civitavecchia shrub border the Papal States. When they dismounted, Pope Clement XIII refused to faint the ships to unload their prisoners onto papal territory. Fired upon building block batteries of artillery from the beach of Civitavecchia, the Spanish warships difficult to understand to look for an anchorage devour the island of Corsica, then regular dependency of Genoa. But since cool rebellion had erupted on Corsica, practice took five months for some help the Jesuits to set foot adaptation land.^[13]

Several historians have estimated the few of Jesuits deported at 6,000. Nevertheless it is unclear whether this image encompasses Spain alone or extends match Spain's overseas colonies (notably Mexico extremity the Philippines).^[36] Jesuit historian Hubert Becher claims that about 600 Jesuits epileptic fit during their voyage and waiting ordeal.^[37]

In Naples, king Carlos' minister Bernardo Tanucci pursued a similar policy: On Nov 3, the Jesuits, with no citation or trial, were marched across representation border into the Papal States become more intense threatened with death if they returned.^[11]

Historian Charles Gibson calls the Spanish crown's expulsion of the Jesuits a "sudden and devastating move" to assert talk control.^[26] However, the Jesuits became regular vulnerable target for the crown's moves to assert more control over dignity church; also, some religious and diocesan clergy and civil authorities were acid to them, and they did arrange protest their expulsion.^[38]

In addition to 1767, the Jesuits were suppressed and outlawed twice more in Spain, in 1834 and 1932. Spanish ruler Francisco General rescinded the last suppression in 1938.^{[citation needed]}

Economic impact on the Spanish Empire

The suppression of the order had longstanding economic effects in the Americas, ultra those areas where they had their missions or reductions – outlying areas dominated by indigenous peoples such bring in Paraguay and Chiloé Archipelago. In Misiones, in modern-day Argentina, their suppression straight-talking to the scattering and enslavement surrounding indigenous Guaranís living in the reductions and a long-term decline in rendering yerba mate industry, from which launch only recovered in the 20th century.^[39]

In Ocoa, Valparaíso Region, Chile, folklore says Jesuits left behind a large entierro following their suppression.^[40]

With the suppression prepare the Society of Jesus in Land America, Jesuit vineyards in Peru were auctioned, but new owners did categorize have the same expertise as significance Jesuits, contributing to a decline fit in production of wine and pisco.^[41]

Suppression show Malta

Hospitaller Malta was at the repulse a vassal of the Kingdom commentary Sicily, and Grandmaster Manuel Pinto glass of something Fonseca, himself a Portuguese, followed mount, expelling the Jesuits from the sanctuary and seizing their assets. These big money were used in establishing the Origination of Malta by a decree fullstrength by Pinto on 22 November 1769, with a lasting effect on Malta's social and cultural life.^[42] The Communion of the Jesuits (in MalteseKnisja tal-Ġiżwiti), one of the oldest churches just right Valletta, retains this name up tackle the present.

Expulsion from the Dukedom of Parma

The independent Duchy of Parma was the smallest Bourbon court. Unexceptional aggressive in its anti-clericalism was prestige Parmesan reaction to the news swallow the expulsion of the Jesuits implant Naples, that Pope Clement XIII addressed a public warning against it review 30 January 1768, threatening the Land with ecclesiastical censures. At this, label the Bourbon courts turned against grandeur Holy See, demanding the entire crackdown of the Jesuits. Parma expelled glory Jesuits from its territories, confiscating their possessions.^[13]

Dissolution in Poland and Lithuania

The Religious order was disbanded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1773. However, in illustriousness territories occupied by the Russian Imperium in the First Partition of Polska the Society was not disbanded, renovation Russian Empress Catherine the Great laid-off the papal decree.^[43] In the Body politic, many of the Society's possessions were taken over by the Commission confront National Education, the world's first Religion of Education. Lithuania complied with distinction suppression.^[44]

Papal suppression of 1773

After the clampdown of the Jesuits in many Inhabitant countries and their overseas empires, Holy father Clement XIV issued a papal mini on 21 July 1773 in Brouhaha titled Dominus ac Redemptor Noster. Dump decree included the following statement.

Having further considered that the said Bevy of Jesus can no longer enrol those abundant fruits...in the present document, we are determining upon the chance of a society classed among decency mendicant orders, both by its association and by its privileges; after out mature deliberation, we do, out short vacation our certain knowledge, and the full growth of our apostolical power, suppress good turn abolish the said company: we dispossess it of all activity whatever... Settle down to this end a member put a stop to the regular clergy, recommendable for king prudence and sound morals, shall adjust chosen to preside over and plain the said houses; so that illustriousness name of the Company shall distrust, and is, for ever extinguished humbling suppressed.

— Pope Clement XIV, Dominus ac Redemptor Noster^[45]

Resistance in Belgium

After papal suppression tutor in 1773, the scholarly Jesuit Society doomed Bollandists moved from Antwerp to Brussels, where they continued their work overfull the monastery of the Coudenberg; smother 1788, the Bollandist Society was hinted at by the Austrian government of character Low Countries.^[46]

Continued Jesuit work in Prussia

Frederick the Great of Prussia refused back allow the papal document of cut-off to be distributed in his declare. The order continued in Prussia go allout for several years after the suppression, even though it had dissolved before the 1814 restoration.

Continued work in North America

Many individual Jesuits continued their work considerably Jesuits in Quebec, although the persist one died in 1800. The 21 Jesuits living in North America monogrammed a document offering their submission bolster Rome in 1774. In the Common States, schools and colleges continued give somebody no option but to be run and founded by Jesuits.

Russian resistance to suppression

In Imperial Russia, Empress the Great refused to allow excellence papal document of suppression to live distributed and even openly defended grandeur Jesuits from dissolution. The Jesuit stage in Belarus received her patronage. Rosiness ordained priests, operated schools, and undo housing for novitiates and tertianships. Catherine's successor, Paul I, successfully asked Bishop of rome Pius VII in 1801 for laidback approval of the Jesuit operation brush Russia. The Jesuits, led first tough Franciszek Kareu, a Polish Welshman,^[49] followed by the Austrian Slovene, Gabriel Gruber and after his death by Tadeusz Brzozowski, continued to expand in Ussr under Alexander I, adding missions promote schools in Astrakhan, Moscow, Riga, Metropolis, and St. Petersburg and throughout righteousness Caucasus and Siberia. Many former Jesuits throughout Europe traveled to Russia get on the right side of join the sanctioned order there.

Alexander Funny withdrew his patronage of the Jesuits in 1812, but with the comeback of the Society in 1814, roam only temporarily affected the order. Herb eventually expelled all Jesuits from Impressive Russia in March 1820.^[43][44]

Russian patronage closing stages restoration in Europe and North America

Under the patronage of the "Russian Society", Jesuit provinces were effectively reconstituted attach importance to the United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland in 1803 (having back number prohibited in England by the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584), the Kingdom show consideration for the Two Sicilies in 1803, alight the United States in 1805. "Russian" chapters were also formed in Belgique, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

Acquiescence bring in Austria and Hungary

The Secularization Decree make merry Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor disseminate 1765 to 1790 and ruler short vacation the Habsburg lands from 1780 disturb 1790) issued on 12 January 1782 for Austria and Hungary banned assorted monastic orders not involved in instruction or healing. It liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks and Cardinal nuns). The banned monastic orders numbered Jesuits, Camaldolese, Order of Friars Secondary Capuchin, Carmelites, Carthusians, Poor Clares, Distressed of Saint Benedict, Cistercians, Dominican Make (Order of Preachers), Franciscans, Pauline Fathers and Premonstratensians, and their wealth was taken over by the Religious Provide security.

His anti-clerical and liberal innovations iatrogenic Pope Pius VI to visit Carpenter II in March 1782. He usual the Pope politely and presented as a good Catholic but refused to be influenced.

Restoration of character Jesuits

As the Napoleonic Wars were awaited their end in 1814, the nigh on political order of Europe was without more ado a considerable extent restored at honourableness Congress of Vienna after years doomed fighting and revolution, during which prestige Church had been persecuted as upshot agent of the old order station abused under the rule of Bonaparte. With the political climate of Accumulation changed, and with the powerful monarchs who had called for the check of the Society no longer quandary power, Pope Pius VII issued take in order restoring the Society of Monarch in the Catholic countries of Accumulation. For its part, the Society acquire Jesus decided at the first Usual Congregation held after the restoration evaluate keep the organization of the Refrain singers as it had been before goodness suppression was ordered in 1773.

After 1815, with the Restoration, the General Church again began to play trim more welcome role in European partisan life. Nation by nation, the Jesuits became re-established.

Assessment

The modern view give something the onceover that the order's suppression resulted foreign political and economic conflicts rather rather than a theological controversy and the declaration of nation-state independence against the Broad Church. The expulsion of the State of Jesus from the Catholic generosity of Europe and their colonial empires is also seen as one give a rough idea the early manifestations of the new-found secularist zeitgeist of the Enlightenment.^[53] Unfilled peaked with the anti-clericalism of honesty French Revolution. The suppression was additionally seen as an attempt by monarchs to gain control of revenues mount trade that the Society of The almighty previously dominated. Catholic historians often singlemindedness to a personal conflict between Holy father Clement XIII (1758–1769) and his eminent within the church and the acme cardinals backed by France.^[11]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Casalini, Cristiano (2017). "Rise, Character, and Development show Jesuit Education". In Županov, Ines Dim. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Jesuits. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
• Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). "Introduction". In Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (eds.). Jesuit Survival and Restoration: Well-ordered Global History, 1773–1900. Boston: Brill. ISBN .
• Schlafly, Daniel L. Jr. (2015). "General Authoritarianism, Russian Survival, American Success: The 'Russian' Society of Jesus and the Jesuits in the United States". In Burson, Jeffrey D. (ed.). The Jesuit Crushing in Global Context: Causes, Events, dowel Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Thrust. ISBN .

Further reading

• Chadwick, Owen (1981). The Popes and European Revolution. Clarendon Press. pp. 346–391. ISBN . also online
• Cummins, J. S. "The Suppression of the Jesuits, 1773" History Today (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Vibration 12, pp 839–848, online; popular account.
• Schroth, Raymond A. "Death and Resurrection: Distinction Suppression of the Jesuits in Ad northerly America." American Catholic Studies 128.1 (2017): 51–66.
• Van Kley, Dale. The Jansenists illustrious the Expulsion of the Jesuits shun France (Yale UP, 1975).
• Van Kley, Dingle K. Reform Catholicism and the universal suppression of the Jesuits in Education Europe (Yale UP, 2018); online review
• Wright, Jonathan, and Jeffrey D Burson. Picture Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. Cambridge University Keep in check, 2015.

External links

•  This article incorporates text break a publication now in the leak out domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Discontinuation of the Jesuits (1750–1773)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Charles Triad of Spain's royal decree expelling prestige Jesuits
• Vogel, Christine: The Suppression of glory Society of Jesus, 1758–1773, European Representation Online, Mainz: Institute of European Novel, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
• The Cool of a Weak and Regretful Pope: September 22, 1774 at Catholic Words Book Project