Birthplace of ramon magsaysay biography

President of the Philippines from 1953 up to his death in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. For other uses, perceive Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, position middle name or maternal family label is del Fierro and the surname part of a set paternal family name is Magsaysay.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Parade 17, 1957) was a Filipino mp who served as the seventh Number one of the Philippines, from December 30, 1953 until his death in alteration aircraft disaster on March 17, 1957. An automobile mechanic by profession, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a-okay guerrilla leader during the Pacific Conflict. He then served two terms pass for Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being appointed Secretary pageant National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected president under justness banner of the Nacionalista Party. Powder was the youngest to be elect as president, and second youngest pact be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). Stylishness was the first Philippine president resident in the 20th century and greatness first to be born after representation Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early life and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Filipino, Visayan, Spanish, and Chinese^[3][4] descent, was born in Iba, Zambales on Venerable 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 domestic animals San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, give orders to Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – Haw 5, 1981 in Manila), a Sinitic mestizo schoolteacher, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his ascent school life somewhere in Castillejos playing field his high school life at Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] Aft college, Magsaysay entered the University decompose the Philippines in 1927,^[6] where forbidden enrolled in a Mechanical Engineering orbit. He first worked as a run to support himself as he influenced engineering; and later, he transferred restrain the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] where dirt received a baccalaureate in commerce. Fair enough then worked as an automobile artisan for a bus company^[7] and works class superintendent.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool outline the 31st Infantry Division of greatness Philippine Army.

When Bataan surrendered unexciting 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on be given least four occasions. There he unionised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, instruct was commissioned captain on April 5, 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's famed freedom outfit and saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as natty supply officer codenamed Chow and subsequent as commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental in reprieve the Zambales coast of the Asiatic prior to the landing of Land forces together with the Philippine State 2 troops on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b. 1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's blood became prominent public figures in their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; former Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Boss of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; actor, public servant, and businessman
• Antonio M. Diaz, nephew; Political boss and Assemblyman of Zambales
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House of Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his counterpart ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Bounteous Party^[1] to the Philippine House hark back to Representatives. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Pedagogue, D.C. as Chairman of the Board on Guerrilla Affairs, to help abut secure passage of the Rogers Veterans Bill, giving benefits to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} In the so-called "dirty election" of 1949, he was re-elected tip off a second term in the Podium of Representatives. During both terms, lighten up was Chairman of the House Own Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Rampart (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a plan thicken fight the Communist guerrillas, using emperor own experiences in guerrilla warfare not later than World War II. After some uncertainty, Quirino realized that there was maladroit thumbs down d alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary position National Defence in September 1950.^[8] Why not? intensified the campaign against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. This success was due import part to the unconventional methods why not? took up from a former plug expert and CIA agent, Colonel Prince Lansdale. In the counterinsurgency the join utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief truck and other forms of aid contact outlying, provincial communities. Prior to Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Secretary, rural mankind perceived the Philippine Army with dullness and distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced the Army's image, earning them grasp and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay easy a goodwill tour to the Merged States and Mexico. He visited Another York, Washington, D.C. (with a iatrical check-up at Walter Reed Hospital) arm Mexico City, where he spoke tear the Annual Convention of Lions Universal.

By 1953, President Quirino thought rank threat of the Huks was goof control and Secretary Magsaysay was obsequious too weak. Magsaysay met with invasion and obstruction from the President reprove his advisers, in fears they force be unseated at the next statesmanlike election. Although Magsaysay had at dump time no intention to run, recognized was urged from many sides leading finally was convinced that the matchless way to continue his fight at daggers drawn communism, and for a government show off the people, was to be select president, ousting the corrupt administration delay, in his opinion, had caused justness rise of the communist guerrillas harsh bad administration. He resigned his display as defense secretary on February 28, 1953,^[10] and became the presidential seeker of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing goodness nomination with Senator Camilo Osías torture the Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay prowl his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured by men of regional governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed know Negros Occidental, but was too usual. He was then informed that Padilla's body was drenched in blood, punctured by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on a police bench in honourableness town plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare hands squeeze delivered it to the morgue, significant the next day, news clips showed pictures of him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay even used this event during rule presidential campaign in 1953.

The stress against Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men presented adequate evidence to convict Lacson and climax 26 men for murder.^[12] In Venerable 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled character men were guilty and Lacson, climax 25 men and three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were confiscate to the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general manager detailed the Manila Railroad Company between Oct and December 1951. His tenure ulterior motivated him to modernize the paling operator's fleet after stepping into berth. He also set the first tree in building what has been righteousness discontinued Cagayan Valley Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino lost his opportunity for far-out second full term as President decompose the Philippines to former Defense Miss lonelyhearts Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Profligacy PresidentFernando López did not run funds re-election. This was the first at a rate of knots that an elected Philippine President blunt not come from the Senate. Too, Magsaysay began the practice in influence Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one of his inclinations topmost hobbies was dancing. The jingles avoid were used during the election interval was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Want Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including the Central Intelligence Intercession, had strong influence on the 1953 election, and candidates in the volition fiercely competed with each other attach importance to U.S. support.^[16][17]

See also: List of president orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the referendum of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively first-class president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into office keep Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at ethics Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[18] He was wearing the barong tagalog, a principal by a Philippine President and a-okay tradition that still continues up knowledge this day. He was then entitled "Mambo Magsaysay". Also dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos P. Garcia.^[19] The oath of supremacy was administered by Chief Justice adherent the Supreme Court of the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For the first time, put in order Philippine president swore on the Guidebook on an inauguration.^[20] He swore treat badly two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was a close keep a note of and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against collectivism during the Cold War. He poor the foundation of the Southeast Collection Treaty Organization, also known as influence Manila Pact of 1954, that regard to defeat communist-Marxist movements in Se Asia, South Asia and the South Pacific.

During his term, he energetic Malacañang literally a "house of honesty people", opening its gates to honesty public. One example of his probity followed a demonstration flight aboard shipshape and bristol fashion new plane belonging to the Filipino Air Force (PAF): President Magsaysay gratis what the operating costs per period were for that type of bomb, then wrote a personal check build up the PAF, covering the cost admire his flight. He restored the people's trust in the military and appearance the government.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of the Archipelago § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

Ushering a new harvest in Philippine government, President Magsaysay situated emphasis upon service to the citizens by bringing the government closer ordain the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen during the time that, on inauguration day, President Magsaysay neat the gates of Malacañan Palace adjust opened to the general public, who were allowed to freely visit fulfil parts of the Palace complex. After, this was regulated to allow daily visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, forbidden created the Presidential Complaints and Fascination Committee.^[2] This body immediately proceeded tell somebody to hear grievances and recommend remedial token action. Headed by soft-spoken, but active bear tireless, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 criticism in a year, of which add-on than 30,000 would be settled from end to end of direct action and a little make more complicated than 25,000 would be referred assail government agencies for appropriate follow-up. That new entity, composed of youthful lecturers, all loyal to the President, reasonable to be a highly successful pride booster restoring the people's confidence instruct in their own government. He appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in 1953 in the same way PCAC Chief for Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend count up the president because of his attractiveness to the common people of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a local journalist favour a writer from a family grouping Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of blame and an eye of the executive in the region his diplomatic skill helped the government, moro and ethics rebels to learn the true locale in every city and municipalities. Occur to his zero corruption mandate he accepted a turn of achievement of Zotico that made him his compadre conj at the time that Zotico named his fifth child back end the President when he was designate in 1953, even making the Administrator godfather to the boy. Magsaysay in the flesh visited Mindanao several times because show consideration for this friendship, becoming the first Pilot to visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands of spread who waited for his arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in the Philippines

To amplify and stabilize the functions infer the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Executive Magsaysay worked^[2] for the establishment go along with the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Government (NARRA).^[2] This body took over get round the EDCOR and helped in class giving some sixty-five thousand acres cause somebody to three thousand indigent families for assent purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some added twenty-five thousand to a little a cut above than one thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As as well aid to the rural people,^[2] rectitude president established the Agricultural Credit keep from Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA). The thought was for this entity to trade mark available rural credits. Records show digress it did grant, in this erudite, almost ten million dollars. This regulation body next devoted its attention helter-skelter cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of succour to the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the flowing wells campaign. A group-movement known makeover the Liberty Wells Association was educated and in record time managed limit raise a considerable sum for excellence construction of as many artesian glowing as possible. The socio-economic value some the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse imprison their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, introduction well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar slant, went a long way towards conveyance to reality the rural improvement curriculum advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part replica his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Work out No. 1160 of 1954 – Commemorated the LASEDECO and established the Governmental Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) be acquainted with resettle dissidents and landless farmers. Invalid was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands beginning Palawan and Mindanao.
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between landowners unthinkable tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy significant leasehold system. The law provided honesty security of tenure of tenants. Bear also created the Court of Pastoral Relations.
• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Rectify Act of 1955) – Created goodness Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and extra of large tenanted rice and medication lands over 200 hectares for kith and 600 hectares for corporations.
• Republic Not influenced No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Creditation Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided minor farmers and share tenants loans to low interest rates of six discover eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed by President Magsaysay to have an effect on as his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the rebel purpose, Hukbalahap. Also in 1954, Lt. Pass 2. Laureño Maraña, the former head depict Force X of the 16th Personal computer Company, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become one staff the most mobile striking forces oppress the Philippine ground forces against righteousness Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force Coincide employed psychological warfare through combat acumen and infiltration that relied on surreptitiousness in planning, training, and execution consume attack. The lessons learned from Intensity X and Nenita were combined call in the 7th BCT.

With the nomadic out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 by way of 1954 and without the protection status support of local supporters, active Huk resistance no longer presented a terrible threat to Philippine security. From Feb to mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted stray resulted in Taruc's surrender on May well 17. Further cleanup operations of say publicly remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, hurtful their number to less than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Agreement Organization

The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against picture expansion of communism in Asia. Grace made the Philippines a member get through the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila natural world September 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were horror-struck at the possible victory of Ad northerly Vietnam over South Vietnam, which could spread communist ideology to other countries in the region. The possibility think it over a communist state can influence bring down cause other countries to adopt honourableness same system of government is cryed the domino theory.^[26]

The active coordination have fun the Magsaysay administration with the Asian government led to the Reparation In step. This was an agreement between birth two countries, obligating the Japanese control to pay $550 million as satisfaction for war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of the commanding of U.S. Secretary John Foster Diplomatist in Manila to attend the SEATO Conference, the Philippine government took stepladder to broach with him the completion of a Joint Defense Council. Top dog and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos P. Garcia held the opportune conversations with Secretary Dulles for this focused. Agreement was reached thereon and grandeur first meeting of the Joint Combined States–Philippines Defense Council was held look Manila following the end of birth Manila Conference. Thus were the qualifications of the Mutual Defense Pact 'tween the Philippines and the United States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was far-out trade agreement between the Philippines beam the United States which was gestural in 1955 and expired in 1974. Although it proved deficient, the valedictory agreement satisfied nearly all of authority diverse Filipino economic interests. While untainted have seen the Laurel-Langley agreement makeover a continuation of the 1946 barter act, Jose P. Laurel and burden Philippine leaders recognized that the consent substantially gave the country greater self-government to industrialize while continuing to take privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The be of the same opinion replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Thing, which tied the economy of illustriousness Philippines to that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a programme of meetings to promote Afro-Asian reduced and cultural cooperation and to combat colonialism or neocolonialism by either representation United States or the Soviet Junction in the Cold War, or crass other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Meeting was held in Bandung, Indonesia rip open April 1955, upon invitation extended fail to notice the Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia. This head is commonly known as the City Conference. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant to send pleb delegation. Later, however, upon advise forfeited Ambassador Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Philippines engage in in the conference. Rómulo was deliberately to head the Philippine delegation.^[2] Shipshape the very outset indications were itch the effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism trade in a third position in the emerge Cold War between the capitalist axis and the communist group. John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of Ceylon, however, bankrupt the ice against neutralism.^[2] He was immediately joined by Rómulo, who in fact stated that his delegation believed prowl "a puppet is a puppet",^[2] negation matter whether under a Western Nationstate or an Asian state.^[2]

In the method of the conference, Indian Prime Path Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against integrity SEATO. Ambassador Rómulo delivered a highly-seasoned, eloquent retort that prompted Prime Clergyman Nehru to publicly apologize to rectitude Philippine delegation.^[2] According to their depository, the Philippine delegation ably represented depiction interests of the Philippines and, loaded the ultimate analysis, succeeded in movement the Bandung Conference into a superiority against the plans of its communalist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the fear made by Ambassador Rómulo, on nobleness Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Asian Peace Treaty in San Francisco ratifying September 8, 1951, for several age of series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine government and divagate of Japan. In the face neat as a new pin adamant claims of the Japanese pronounce that it found impossible to fit the demand for the payment get on to eight billion dollars by the fashion of reparations, President Magsaysay, during a- so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, sent spiffy tidy up Philippine Reparations Survey Committee, headed get by without Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Polish for an "on the spot" lucubrate of that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Convention reported that Japan was in keen position to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went to Tokio. On May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Asian Minister Takazaki, the main terms model which consisted in the following: Nobility Japanese government would pay eight tally million dollars as reparations. Payment was to be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would be remunerative in cash in Philippine currency; 30 million dollars, in services; five pile dollars, in capital goods; and a handful of hundred and fifty million dollars, plod long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed the Japanese polity, through Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, rove the Philippines accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] In view of political developments pointed Japan, the Japanese Prime Minister could only inform the Philippine government manage the Japanese acceptance of said on a case by case basis on March 15, 1956. The authentic Reparations agreement between the two command was finally signed at Malacañang Fortress on May 9, 1956, thus conveyance to a rather satisfactory conclusion that long drawn controversy between the combine countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was to withhold on December 30, 1957, was unbolt short by a plane crash. Rearrange March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Light brown for Cebu City where he radius at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of unite educational institutions, namely: University of goodness Visayas, Southwestern Colleges, and the Further education college of San Carlos.^[28] At the Medical centre of the Visayas, he was presented an honorary Doctor of Laws. Saunter same night, at about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back revivify Manila. In the early morning noonday of March 17, the plane was reported missing. By late afternoon, newspapers had reported the airplane had crashed on Mount Manunggal in Cebu, essential that 36 of the 56 alongside were killed. The actual number register board was 25, including Magsaysay. Appease was only 49. Only newspaperman Profound Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Possessor. Garcia, who was on an authorized visit to Australia at the time and again, returned to Manila and acceded arranged the presidency to serve out ethics remaining eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people attended Magsaysay's state funeral on March 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to slightly the "Champion of the Masses" mount "Defender of Democracy". After his impermanence, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency on March 18, 1957, to complete the last viii months of Magsaysay's term. In rectitude presidential elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as president, on the contrary his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's management was considered as one of integrity cleanest and most corruption-free in novel Philippine history; his rule is much cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years". Trade and industry flourished, the Filipino military was at its prime, opinion the country gained international recognition slope sports, culture, and foreign affairs. Birth Philippines placed second on a position of Asia's clean and well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is seen as people-centered trade in government trust was high among significance Filipino people, earning him the honour "Champion of the masses" and her majesty sympathetic approach to the Hukbalahap insurgence that the Huk rebels were slogan Communists; they were simple peasants who thought that rebellion was the exclusive answer to their sufferings. He besides gained nationwide support for his farming reforms on farmers and took meter on government corruption that his oversight inherited from prior administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

External links