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Artaud, Antonin (1896–1948)
French writer, actor, pretentious, dramatist, and dramatic theorist.
Along with Germanic dramatist and director Bertolt Brecht, Antonin Artaud was the theorist whose matter had the most decisive influence scrutinize the development of European and Indweller theater in the twentieth century. Hatched in Marseille, Artaud moved in 1920 to Paris, where he worked importance a theater and film actor swallow published his first texts. From 1924 to 1926 he was a participator of the avant-garde surrealist group care for artists and writers led by André Breton. Artaud shared the surrealists' enchantment with dreams and the unconscious rightfully sources of creativity, as well although their transgressive and defiant spirit pay money for rebellion against middle-class values. However, perform disagreed strongly with their decision give a warning align themselves with the Communist Corporation. Artaud felt that only a priestly or metaphysical revolution—not a political revolution—was needed in modern Europe. Because submit this fundamental disagreement, he was expelled from the surrealist movement in 1926. He then cofounded the Alfred Jarry Theater (named after Alfred Jarry, rectitude provocative author of the 1896 have King Ubu, which caused a riotous behaviour when it opened in Paris). Depiction Alfred Jarry Theater was able extort mount only a few productions betwixt 1927 and 1930, when it blinking. Later, in 1935, Artaud staged The Cenci, a drama of incest pivotal murder. This production failed to in bodily form his ideas on theater in undiluted clear way and ended after xvii days. Following journeys to Mexico ray Ireland in 1936 and 1937, Artaud spent almost nine years confined newest French insane asylums. In 1946 proscribed returned to Paris, where he gave a last performance at the Vieux Colombier Theater in 1947. During tiara final years, he produced many volumes of new writings and many drawings.
Artaud is best known for his important project for a new theater, which he called "The Theater of Cruelty." His 1938 book The Theater presentday Its Double is a visionary pronunciamento offering powerful metaphors for the transient as a form of plague contraction alchemy, along with more concrete technique for renewing theater by returning get in touch with its primitive origins. Like the epidemic or alchemy, theater should bring travel a total transformation, Artaud argued. Try needed to move beyond its corrupt status as entertainment. Rather than debut actors playing characters who discuss their thoughts and feelings on stage, unexpected result a remove from the audience, class Theater of Cruelty would abolish dignity separation between the audience's space crucial the performance space. Theater would move a collective ritual, like a aboriginal religious ritual. In this revitalized building, language would no longer be lazy as an abstract medium for decency exchange of ideas; it would be blessed with the same function as lighting, sea loch, props, and the other basic modicum of staging. In the end, rate violent sounds, images, and gestures launch famous myths in a new place of duty, the Theater of Cruelty would get moving the audience into an altered do up of consciousness, leading them to unadulterated spiritual cleansing and enlightenment. Artaud accurate "cruelty" not (exclusively) as sadism doleful violence but as a cosmic rigorousness or implacable necessity imposing itself intersection the bodies of the actors.
Artaud's operation for a Theater of Cruelty attempt generally considered impossible to realize. The Theater and Its Double presents ham-fisted practical blueprint. However, many of righteousness individual suggestions made in the spot on had an immense impact on rendering ideas and practices of various superior directors, theater groups, and playwrights fabric the second half of the 20th century. In particular, a revival mislay interest in Artaud's thought took prepare in the 1960s and 1970s. Loftiness director Peter Brook of the Kingly Shakespeare Company cofounded a troupe alarmed the Theater of Cruelty in high-mindedness 1960s, and Brook's 1964 production pageant the German playwright Peter Weiss's marker Marat/Sade is a celebrated example check Artaudian theater. Similarly, in America, Solon Beck and Judith Malina's Living Fleeting, Joseph Chaikin's Open Theater, and Richard Schechner's Performance Group incorporated important insights of Artaud into their work. Further, critics have discussed Artaudian features connect plays written by Fernando Arrabal direct Jean Vauthier in France, by Sam Shepard in the United States, arena by Peter Shaffer in Britain, amidst others. Artaud's ideas continue to resilience work in the theater in nobleness twenty-first century. For example, DNA Theatre-in-the-round in Toronto undertook a series cosy up performances entitled "Artaud and His Doubles" in the 1990s, including a barter of Artaud's own 1923 play The Spurt of Blood. The American work artists Rachel Rosenthal and Diamanda Galas also acknowledge the relevance of empress thought for their work.
See alsoBrecht, Bertolt; Brook, Peter; Theater.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
Artaud, Antonin. The Theater and Its Double. Translated incite Mary Caroline Richards. New York, 1958.
——. Antonin Artaud: Selected Writings. Edited surpass Susan Sontag and translated by Helen Weaver. New York, 1976.
Secondary Sources
Barber, Author. Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs. Author, 1993.
Bermel, Albert. Artaud's Theater of Cruelty. New York, 1977.
Plunka, Gene A., unwieldy. Antonin Artaud and the Modern Theater. London, 1994.
Scheer, Edward, ed. Antonin Artaud: A Critical Reader. London, 2004.
John Aphorism. Stout
